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Aurubis AG is a global supplier of non-ferrous metals and a significant copper recycler, processing complex metal concentrates, scrap metals, and industrial residues into high-purity metals. The company's product portfolio includes copper cathodes, wire rods, continuous cast shapes, and flat rolled products, as well as other metals such as gold, silver, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc. Founded in 1866 as Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, Aurubis is headquartered in Hamburg, Germany, and operates production sites across Europe and the United States. The company emphasizes sustainability, aiming for CO₂-neutral production by 2050, and has invested over €1 billion in environmental protection measures since 2000.

Linde is the largest industrial gas supplier in the world, with operations in over 100 countries. The firm's main products are atmospheric gases (including oxygen, nitrogen, and argon) and process gases (including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium), as well as equipment used in industrial gas production. Linde serves a wide variety of end markets, including chemicals, manufacturing, healthcare, and steelmaking. Linde generated approximately $34 billion in revenue in 2025.