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Equinor is a Norway-based integrated oil and gas company. It has been publicly listed since 2001, but the government retains a 67% stake. Operating primarily on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, the firm produced 2.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in 2025 (50% liquids) and ended 2025 with 5.2 billion barrels of proven reserves (45% liquids). Operations also include oil refineries and natural gas processing, marketing, and trading. The renewables portfolio includes offshore and onshore wind and solar, with total power generation of 5.65 TWh in 2025.

Shell is an integrated energy company involved in the exploration, production, refining, and marketing of oil and natural gas, as well as the manufacturing and distribution of chemicals. The company operates across several segments, including upstream, integrated gas, downstream, and renewables and energy solutions. Founded in 1907, Shell is headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, and operates in over 70 countries worldwide. Its strategic strengths include a diversified portfolio with significant investments in liquefied natural gas (LNG) and a growing focus on renewable energy and decarbonization efforts. The company's global presence and extensive supply chain network contribute to its significant competitive positioning in the energy sector.