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Novartis AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. It operates primarily in the healthcare industry, focusing on the research, development, and manufacturing of a wide range of prescription medications targeting oncology, immunology, neuroscience, and cardiovascular diseases. Key products include Cosentyx (for psoriasis and arthritis) and Entresto (for heart failure). Founded in 1996 through the merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz, Novartis has a significant geographic presence, with operations in over 100 countries. A key competitive strength of the company is its strong investment in research and development, which underpins its substantial portfolio of innovative therapies.

Johnson & Johnson is the world's largest and most diverse healthcare firm. It has two divisions: innovative medicine and medtech. These now represent all of the company's sales following the divestment of the consumer business, Kenvue, in 2023. After restructurings in 2023-24, the drug division focuses on three main therapeutic areas: immunology, oncology, and neurology. Geographically, just over half of total revenue is generated in the United States.