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Springer Nature AG & Co. KGaA is a global academic publishing company specializing in research, health, and educational content. Formed in 2015 through the merger of Springer Science+Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education, the company publishes a wide array of scientific, technical, and medical journals under the Nature and Springer brands, as well as books and e-books across various disciplines. Headquartered in Berlin, Germany, with additional offices in London and New York City, Springer Nature operates in over 40 countries worldwide. The company has a significant presence in open access publishing, with 50% of its primary research articles published as open access in 2024, and continues to invest in technology and AI to enhance the publishing process. (,)

Cisco Systems is the largest provider of networking equipment in the world and one of the largest software companies in the world. Its largest businesses are selling networking hardware and software (where it has leading market shares) and cybersecurity software such as firewalls. It also has collaboration products, like its Webex suite, and observability tools. It primarily outsources its manufacturing to third parties and has a large sales and marketing staff-25,000 strong across 90 countries. Overall, Cisco employs 80,000 people and sells its products globally.