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Vale is a large global miner and the world's largest producer of iron ore and pellets. In recent years, the company has sold noncore assets such as its fertilizer, coal, and steel operations to concentrate on iron ore, nickel, and copper. Earnings are dominated by its iron ore business. The base metals division is much smaller, consisting of nickel mines and smelters along with copper mines producing copper in concentrate. In 2024, Vale sold a minority 10% stake in its base metals business, likely the first step in separating base metals and iron ore.

BHP Group Limited is a global resources company primarily involved in the exploration, production, and processing of minerals. The company operates in the natural resources industry, with significant activities in iron ore, metallurgical coal, and copper mining. BHP's operations are geographically diverse, with major assets located in Australia, North America, and South America. Its headquarters are situated in Melbourne, Australia. The company has a strategic focus on sustainable mining practices and technological innovation to enhance productivity and environmental stewardship. BHP's competitive strengths include its scale of operations, diversified asset portfolio, and strong supply chain network.