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KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. is a prominent company in the mining and metals industry, specializing in the extraction and processing of copper, precious metals, and other non-ferrous metals. Founded in 1961, KGHM is headquartered in Lubin, Poland, and operates mines in Poland as well as other international locations, including North and South America. The company's core operations include mining, smelting, and refining, with significant production of copper, silver, and other by-products. KGHM is strategically positioned with a vertically integrated business model that enhances its control over the production process, enabling efficiency and cost management. It is recognized for its extensive mineral resources and reserves, which contribute to its competitive strengths in the global market.

Linde is the largest industrial gas supplier in the world, with operations in over 100 countries. The firm's main products are atmospheric gases (including oxygen, nitrogen, and argon) and process gases (including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium), as well as equipment used in industrial gas production. Linde serves a wide variety of end markets, including chemicals, manufacturing, healthcare, and steelmaking. Linde generated approximately $34 billion in revenue in 2025.