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Nokia is a networking equipment vendor focused primarily on supporting wireless networks and, to a growing extent, Internet Protocol and optical systems. The firm operates three segments. The mobile infrastructure segment sells equipment and software used to operate the core of carrier and enterprise wireless networks. Network infrastructure comprises IP, optical, and fixed-network equipment, including switching and routing equipment, optical components, and devices used in fiber-to-the-premises networks. The portfolio business comprises businesses considered noncore to Nokia in the future, including fixed wireless access customer premises equipment, enterprise campus edge, and microwave radio.

Cisco Systems is the largest provider of networking equipment in the world and one of the largest software companies in the world. Its largest businesses are selling networking hardware and software (where it has leading market shares) and cybersecurity software such as firewalls. It also has collaboration products, like its Webex suite, and observability tools. It primarily outsources its manufacturing to third parties and has a large sales and marketing staff-25,000 strong across 90 countries. Overall, Cisco employs 80,000 people and sells its products globally.