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IPG Photonics Corp is a vertically integrated developer and manufacturer of high-performance fiber lasers, laser and non-laser systems, fiber amplifiers, diode lasers, and related optical components. Its products are used in diverse applications in the manufacturing, automotive, industrial, aerospace, semiconductor, and consumer end markets. The company sells its products globally to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), system integrators, and end users. Additionally, it manufactures complementary products used with its lasers, including optical delivery cables, fiber couplers, beam switches, optical processing heads, in-line sensors, and chillers. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from North America, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and other markets.

Sandisk is one of the five largest suppliers of NAND flash memory semiconductors globally. Sandisk is vertically integrated, producing substantially all of its flash chips at manufacturing sites across Japan via a joint-venture framework with Kioxia. Sandisk then repackages most of its chips into SSDs for consumer electronics, external storage, or cloud storage. Sandisk was formerly a piece of Western Digital for nine years (after being acquired in 2016) and was spun off as an independent company in 2025.